By Baudouin Ngah Akoh, Strategic Advisor to the President on Peace and Security Programs, UNA-Atlanta
In early 2026, discussions between Anthropic, a frontier Artificial Intelligence (AI) Company, and the United States Department of War highlighted a key tension at the intersection of technology, ethics, and national security. While Anthropic has deployed its AI models to support intelligence analysis, operational planning, and cybersecurity, the company has resisted government requests to remove safeguards against mass domestic surveillance and fully autonomous weapons. Anthropic’s decision to maintain these safeguards-even under pressure from the Department of War, including threats of supply chain risk designation or invocation of the Defense Production Act-illustrates the emerging governance challenges posed by advanced AI in military contexts (Amodei, 2026).
Similar dilemmas appear in ongoing geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, where security concerns among regional and international actors-particularly regarding Iran’s strategic posture could intersect with the growing use of AI-enabled intelligence and autonomous systems, potentially influencing defense planning and escalation dynamics.
Secretary-General António Guterres has underscored the imperative of disarmament, emphasizing that it forms the very bedrock of peace and urging the global community to invest in robust peacebuilding and conflict-prevention mechanisms (“International Day for Disarmament and Non Proliferation Awareness 2026 Message,” United Nations). Peace is not self-executing; it must be carefully constructed and in 2026, that construction demands both vigilance and deep understanding.
Disarmament in an Age of Disruption
Dag Hammarskjöld, former Secretary-General of the United Nations, observed that “The United Nations was not created to take mankind to heaven, but to save humanity from hell” (Hammarskjöld). In 2026, his reflection is especially relevant: security risks now extend beyond conventional conflict into domains defined by technological speed, algorithmic decision-making, and autonomous systems.
Disarmament in the twenty-first century involves more than regulating stockpiles; it encompasses governing intelligence, autonomy, and escalation in a digitized battlespace. Public awareness is critical: informed citizens generate political will, and political will sustains multilateral agreements. Without understanding the risks, even the most resilient treaty architecture may weaken.
Multilateralism Under Pressure
Post-Cold War optimism for arms control has given way to strategic fragmentation. Nuclear modernization, eroding trust among major powers, and the mainstreaming of nuclear rhetoric highlight the fragility of global stability.
U Thant, another former UN Secretary-General, warned that “The arms race is not only a waste of resources. It is a theft from those who hunger and are not fed” (Thant). Today, this “theft” is measured not only in financial terms but also in underfunded health systems, and educational inequities. Multilateral institutions, including the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, provide essential platforms for dialogue, transparency, and norm-setting. However, institutions alone cannot prevent escalation; they require political will, sustained engagement, and participation by states and civil society.
The Russia-Ukraine war provides a contemporary illustration of how modern warfare integrates conventional, cyber, and autonomous capabilities. AI-assisted intelligence analysis, logistics, and battlefield decision-support systems have influenced both strategic planning and the humanitarian consequences of the conflict. The war also demonstrates the risks of rapid technological escalation outpacing international norms and the need for multilateral frameworks to mitigate both civilian harm and systemic instability.
Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention
My experience as an observer for think tanks and as a state representative at Meetings of States Parties to the BWC, and participating in Working Group discussions on strengthening the Convention, reinforced a critical insight: the BWC’s normative strength must be matched by institutional resilience and there exist persistent challenges:
- Lack of legally binding verification mechanisms,
- Capacity disparities among States Parties,
- Dual-use nature of emerging biotechnologies,
- Need for enhanced transparency and confidence-building measures.
Literacy and awareness are fundamental; understanding dual-use dilemmas is the first step toward preventing misuse.
Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems and the AI Frontier
AI-enabled systems, including Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS), raise ethical and strategic questions: How is meaningful human control maintained? Who bears responsibility for malfunctions? Can escalation be contained at machine speed? In 1998, Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated, “For the United Nations, there is no higher goal, no deeper commitment and no greater ambition than preventing armed conflict” (Annan). Dialogue must precede normalization: if algorithms move at machine speed, diplomacy must move at moral speed.
Nuclear Risk in a Technological Age
The integration of AI into nuclear command-and-control systems introduces systemic risk. Automated early-warning systems, cyber vulnerabilities, and algorithmic misinterpretation could accelerate escalation during crises. Multilateral dialogue, transparency, and confidence-building are essential to prevent miscalculation and to stabilize deterrence.
Local and Global Leadership: UNA-Atlanta’s Role
As Strategic Advisor to the President on Peace and Security Programs, I believe local civic leadership must complement global diplomacy.
In alignment with the 2026 theme emphasizing public education and youth participation, UNA Atlanta will advance the establishment of a Research Fellowship Program on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Awareness with a focus on:
- The Biological Weapons Convention.
- AI governance and Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems.
- Nuclear risk reduction strategies.
- Emerging technology ethics in warfare.
- Youth engagement in multilateral diplomacy.
The initiative will produce policy briefs aligned with UN processes, encourage research-informed civic engagement, develop the next generation of peace and security leaders, and build partnerships with academic institutions, Tech Firms and policy think tanks. Awareness becomes agency. Agency becomes policy. Policy becomes prevention.
Policy Priorities for 2026 and Beyond
To reinforce disarmament and non-proliferation in this era of disruption, the international community should prioritize:
- Strengthening Biological Weapons Convention mechanisms,
- Advancing multilateral negotiations on LAWS norms,
- Supporting UN transparency initiatives on military AI applications,
- Expanding civil society participation in treaty processes,
- Investing in youth-focused disarmament education,
- Reinforcing dialogue among major powers to reduce nuclear escalation risks.
Strategic restraint must be recognized as leadership, not concession.
A Call to Responsible Statecraft
Disarmament in 2026 is realism informed by responsibility. Prevention is stronger than reaction; transparency is stronger than secrecy; cooperation is more durable than coercion. On this International Day for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Awareness, let us reaffirm that peace is deliberate, disciplined, and defended through diplomacy. Strategic restraint is not weakness it is responsible statecraft.